cocaine

today i ll explain onather puplic document;a fatal drug call cocaineFor other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation).


Cocaine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate
Identifiers
CAS number 50-36-2
ATC code N01BC01 R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
PubChem 5760
DrugBank APRD00080
Chemical data
Formula C17H21NO4
Mol. weight 303.353 g/mol
Physical data
Melt. point 195 °C (383 °F)
Solubility in water 1800 mg/mL (20 °C)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Oral: 30%
Nasal: 30-60% [1]
Metabolism Hepatic CYP3A4
Half life 1 hour
Excretion Renal (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester)
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat. C

Legal status Prohibited (S9)(AU) Schedule I(CA) Class A(UK) Schedule II(US)

Dependence Liability Medium
Routes Topical, Oral, Insufflation, IV, PO
Cocaine (or crack in its impure freebase form) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. Though most often used recreationally for this effect, it could be said that cocaine is actually utilized as a non-prescription under-the-counter antidepressant. Nonetheless, cocaine is formally used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in eye, throat, and nose surgery. Cocaine can be psychologically and physiologically addictive, and its possession, cultivation, and distribution are illegal for non-medicinal and non-government sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of the world. The name comes from the name of the coca plant in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming Cocaine.

The stimulating qualities of the coca leaf were known to the ancient peoples of Peru and other pre-Columbian Andean societies. In modern Western countries, cocaine has been a feature of the counterculture for over a century. There is a long list of prominent intellectuals, artists, and musicians who have used the drug — ranging from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Sigmund Freud to U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant. Cocaine could be found in trace amounts in the Coca-Cola beverage for several decades after the beverage's release, though that is no longer the case.[1]

Today, although its free commercialization is illegal and has been severely penalized in virtually all countries, its use worldwide remains widespread in many social, cultural, and personal settings.